Archimedean Drills and Drivers
Archimedes was a mathematician who did design a screw that was used for moving water and grains uphill. But these drills and screwdrivers, which incorporate a bobbin sliding up and down a spiral shaft to either bore a hole or turn a screw, were not in Archimedes's brilliant mind. The names applied to these tools can be confusing and sometimes misleading. Push drills, spiral drills, hand drill, drill stock, etc. Some are called braces but are screwdrivers. William Goodman states that the earliest these are seen is in an 1864 Marples catalog.(1) Keep in mind that Goodman was writing in England and consequently his research tended to be in that countries trade catalogs. The American author, Alex W. Bealer, also mentions in his book "The Tools That Built America", "This invention appeared about 1900 in America and Europe...." (2) R.A. Salaman comments that they were "apparently unknown before the nineteenth century". (10) If you average the three authors you get 1854. (Okay, then you make a guess!!)
US Patent office classification 74/127 (mechanical devices/ screw and nut devices) lists Patent #24,005(3), May 17th, 1859, as it's earliest spiral drill. The patentee, Merritt S. Brooks of Chester, Connecticut states in his specifications that.. "I do not claim, broadly, the invention of a drill stock having its shaft made in the form of a screw" On July 26th of the same year Patent #24,894(3) was awarded to George I. Washburn of Worcester, Massachusetts. Washburn also avoids claiming the invention of this style drill noting that "I am aware that the stocks of boring tools, as in McDowell's Archimedean boring tool, and others, have been operated so as to turn in a continuous rotary motion....." Washburn goes on to mention a few examples making it obvious that a certain amount of inspiration had been applied to this form of tool previous to 1859.
Most
patent texts that I read attempt to solve one of two apparent problems. First,
the basic motion
of Archimedean drills turns the bit in opposing ways depending
upon the position of the sliding bobbin. The early bits were the diamond shaped
bits.
These flat pointed bits were capable of
working in both directions as they were beveled on both sides. Later,
double fluted bits were introduced which could also cut in either direction. Early patents either tried to stop
movement of the bit on the back feed or attempted to make the chuck turn the
same direction in spite of bobbin movement. Obviously direction was important in
driving screws.
Some inventors felt that this back and forth action would wear drill bits
quicker. Secondly, there was a lot
of resistance in the action of these tools. Many patents had the goal of
reducing friction to have a smoother operation and less wear on the tool.
I will list patents chronologically and insert notes at appropriate points. All patent information is from the United States Patent and Trademarks website at http://www.uspto.gov
Patent #54,069 April 17, 1866 D.F. Hartford "Drill Stock"
Patent#80,583 Aug 4, 1868 I. Allard "Screwdriver" Clifford Fales has an excellent article on Allard and associates here.(4)
Patent #91,634 Jun 22, 1869 W. Hofer "Screwdriver"
Patent #95,483 October 5, 1869 W. Johnson and G. Tainter "Boring Tool" A "classic tool".
Patent #133,994 Dec 17, 1872 T.D. Lakin "Converting Motion"
Patent #143,084 Sept 23, 1873 J.D. Laudermilch "Jewelers Drilling Devices"
Patent #157,087 Nov 24, 1874 I. Allard "Screwdrivers"
Patent #157,099 Nov 24, 1874 D.D. Mackay "Hand Drills for Drilling Metal"
And what about those Grave's drills. Read
more here
Patent #191,304 May 29, 1877 J.T. Bruen "Wire Screw and Nut" Describes how to twist wires together to form the shaft of an Archimedean device and than fit a nut to it.
Patent #201,372 Mar 19 1878 J.B. West "Screw Driver"
The earliest trade catalog in my possession (1867 A.J. Wilkinson and Company)(5) does not show any Archimedean drivers or drills. Oddly enough they do not even offer screwdrivers except as part of "tool kits". The 1880 Jackson and Tyler catalog(6) shows a ratcheting screwdriver (Gay patent) but no Archimedean style tools.
Patent
#240,223 Apr 19, 1881 G.D. Belcher "Hand Drill" Click below to see
Chicopee
Drills
Patent #261,925 Aug 1, 1882 E. Herzig "Screwdriver"
Patent #268,938 Dec 12, 1882 A.H. Reid "Bit Stock" For more about Reid click here.
The 1882 Goodnow and Wightman (7)
catalog pictures this basic Archimedean "drill stock" which I have always
thought of as an English style tool although these smaller ones are often found
marked "Germany".
They also picture what appears
to be a "Johnson and Tainter's Automatic Boring Tool" (Patent 95,483 Oct 5
1869), a spring loaded screwdriver with an internal spiraled shaft. It should be
noted that in the description for this tool that it is suggested as appropriate
for use by the "dentist".
Patent #278,261 May 22, 1883 C.H. Olson "Screwdriver" Cliff Fales tells the Decatur Coffin Company story at http://www.mwtca.org/OTC/ar000008.htm
Patent #281,068 July 10, 1883 J.M. Hoague "Hand Drill" Another of the Chicopee Drills as above.
Patent #284,799 September 11, 1883 D.F. Barber "Hand Drill" Discussed with the Chicopee Drills.
Patent #301,915 July 15, 1884 C.H. Olson "Screw Driver" See Decatur Screwdriver info.
Patent #306,096 October 7, 1884 C.H. Olson "Screw Driver" See Decatur Screwdriver info.
Patent #327,780 October 6, 1884 N. Fellers "Screw Driver" Archimedean driver with screw holder.
Patent #339,277 April 6, 1886 J.R. Doolittle "Screw Driver"
Patent #354,359 December 14, 1886 J.C. Spencer "Handle for Screwdriver and Other Tools"
Patent #355,276 December 28, 1886 A.W. Morgan "Bit Stock"
Patent #355,392 January 4, 1887 N. Fellers "Screw Driver" Refinement of 327,780.
Patent #361,227 April 12, 1887 A.W. Morgan "Bit Stock" Change to his 355,276
Patent #370,734 September 27, 1887 J. Fryxell "Ratchet Screw Driver and Drill"
Patent #377,783 February 14, 1888 G.F. Shaver "Rotary Tool Driver" Assigned to Shaver Corporation
From 1898 Orr and Lockett
catalog(11) .
Patent #383,031 May 15, 1888 A. Allgoever "Drill Stock"
Patent #385,414 July 3, 1888 G.W. Huber "Braces for Screw Drivers, Bits &c."
Patent #389,613 September 18, 1888. Wilhelm Thiem "Mechanism for Operating Drills"
Patent #391,880 October 30, 1888. M. Cashin "Screw Driver"
Patent #394,169 December 11, 1888 T. Gosernd "Drill"
Patent #401,604 April 16, 1889 G.T. Sutterley "Brace"
Patent #407,842 July 30, 1889 A. Schuerman "Tool-Driver" See Decatur Screwdriver info.
Patent #422,520 March 4, 1890 O.Z. Greene "Screw Driver" See Decatur Screwdriver info.
Patent #428,012 May 13, 1890 J. Lucas "Screw Driver"
Patent #430,901 June 24, 1890 H.H. True "Screw Driver" Oddly enough, it's a hammer with an Archimedean drill in the handle.
Patent #432,729 July 22, 1890 A.D. & H.E. Goodell "Screw Driver" Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts. Eventually this became part of the Goodell-Pratt line.
Patent #447,277 February 24, 1891 E. Brown "Push Screw Driver" Brown is listed as a pattern maker in the 1888, 1889, 1890 Dayton Ohio city directory.
Patent #452,772 May 26, 1891 W.A. Church "Screw Driver" "assigned by direct and mesne assignments to Benjamin F. Watson and Edward A. Eggert of Buffalo, N.Y.
Patent #454,929 June 30, 1891 J.Q. Day "Screw Driver"
Patent #463,506 November 17, 1891 A.D. & H.E. Goodell "Automatic Screw Driver" Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts. This became part of the Goodell-Pratt line.
Patent #464,574 December 8, 1891 J.H. Lyon "Screw Driver"
Patent #468,969 February 16, 1892 W.B. Swan "Tool Handle"
Patent #470,055 March 1, 1892 J.W. Jones "Screw Driver" Assigned 1/2 to Frank Howard See Cliff Fales article on Allard, Howard and Jones screw drivers.
Patent #470,176 March 8, 1892 F.P. Burkhardt "Mechanical Movement"
Patent #484,004 October 11, 1892 G.E. Gay and J.H. Parsons "Screw Driver" This patent was said to "improve on the construction of the screw driver shown and described in United States Letters Patent No. 91,634, granted to William Hofer and bearing date of June 22nd, 1869"(3)
Patent #487,946 December 13, 1892 T. Edwards, Jr. and J.J. Edwards "Screw Driver" I have a theory about the relationship between the number of pages of text attached to a patent and the financial success of that said patent. These fellows drone on for three pages. Both were listed in the Grand Rapids, Michigan city directory in 1890. Occupation, carpenters. Clifford Fales shows an example of a screwdriver manufactured by The Universal Tool Company of Grand Rapids which is attributed to this patent. This is noted in his article "Spiral Screwdrivers of the S. F. Bowser Company" in the March 1999 M-WTCA Gristmill. Watch Cliff's website for a online version of this article. (8)
Patent #492,693 February 28, 1893 T.F. McLaughlin. "Tool Driver"
Patent #495,656 April 18, 1893 G. Beekman "Mechanical Movement"
Patent #505,165 September 19, 1893 J.B. Hughes "Combination Screwdriver and Tool Handle"
Patent #515,327 February 27, 1894 E.A. Eggert "Screw Driver" Eggert was one of the by mesne assignees of the Church patent #452,772. This patent was to "simplify construction and reduce cost" of Church's patent. Eggert was listed in the 1890 Buffalo, New York city directory as involved in "real estate".
Patent #520,519 May 29, 1894. J.J. Edwards "Screw Driver" It's two years later and John has dumped brother Thomas and struck out on the road of invention on his own. And this patent for a reversible screwdriver is assigned to Sylvanus F. and Allen A. Bowser of Fort Wayne, Indiana. This is the basis for the Bowser screwdrivers although the most popular of Bowser's screwdrivers had it's own unique chuck. (8)
Patent #528,731 November 6, 1894 W.J. Morrison "Combination Tool Handle"
Patent #532,145 January 8, 1895 J. Defatsch "Hand Drill"
Patent #537,681 April 16, 1895 Z.T. Furbish "Ratchet for Screwdrivers or Drills" Furbish was located in Augusta Maine when he received this patent.
Patent #543,096 July 23, 1895 J.W. Jones "Screw Driver" See Cliff Fales article on Allard, Howard and Jones screw drivers.
Patent #560,281 May 19, 1896 J.M. Rauhoff "Worm Screw" Assignor of two thirds to Braman Loveless and James Saunders.
Patent #568,341 September 29, 1896 T. Edwards & J.J. Edwards The Edwards brothers are back with another refinement to their tool.
Patent #568,460 September 29, 1896 "Screw Driver" M.H. Schay The 1891 Tacoma Washington city directory lists Schay as a machinists hand employed by Washington Burial Case Company. Another one of these coffin screw drivers?
Patent #575,734 January 26, 1897 J.M. Rauhoff "Drilling or Similar Tool" A large cylindrical chamber travels up and down the Archimedean shaft. I don't think that this ever saw the light of day.
Patent #588,876 August 24, 1897 J.M. Rauhoff "Tool" Assigning 1/2 to James Saunders of Marietta, Georgia. This is a more refined version of 575,734 with a bobbin rather than the cylindrical monster of the former.
Patent #591,097 October 5, 1897 H.E. Goodell and H.D. Lanfair assignors to the Goodell Brothers Company predecessors to Goodell Pratt. "Reversible Automatic Screwdriver" Shown as the #22 in the 1923 Goodell Pratt catalog.
Patent #593,197 November 2, 1897 Z.T. Furbish "Ratchet Mechanism" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing This is the ratchet patent used on many early North Brothers archimedean drill and drivers. (Such as #'s 30, 50, 40, 41)
Patent #597,766 January 25, 1898 Z.T. Furbish Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Company by mesne assignment. Furbish has moved from Philadelphia to Portland, Maine.
Patent #621,401 March 21, 1899 L.M. Davis "Spiral Tool Driver" Assigned to Millers Falls Company. Here is a short article about this invention.
Patent #624,122 March 21, 1899 H.M. Stevenson "Spiral Tool Driver" Stevenson uses a combination of spiral grooves and small steel balls to make the bobbin go up and down.
Patent #652,137 June 19, 1900 J.E. Olson "Hand Drill"
Patent #654,150 July 24, 1900 J. Hanna and E.J. Jedlicka "Tool Handle" This invention allows either same direction movement of the chuck or alternating directions depending upon placement of bobbin at the beginning of the stroke.
Patent #659,521 October 9, 1900 Z.T. Furbish "Ratchet Mechanism" Assigned to North Brothers. The ratchet mechanism used on many of the reciprocating screwdrivers, the #'s 30, 31, 130 and 35 for example, with the up and down adjusting nib.
Patent #666,508 January 22, 1901 Z.T. Furbish "Ratchet Mechanism" Assigned to North Brothers. Uses the side to side adjusting nib as on the #'s 20, 11, 12, 111, 65 etc.
Patent #674,719 May 21, 1901 G.L. Woodruff "Screw Driver"
Patent #685,678 October 29, 1901 Z.T. Furbish "Magazine Spring Drill" This patent is for the handle magazine as used on the #40 and #41 drills.
Patent #700,970 May 27, 1902 J.D. McFarland, Jr. "Adjustable Speed Gear" Assigned 1/2 to John Bruckman.
Patent #711,169 October 14, 1902 A.D. LeBlanc "Ratchet Screwdriver" Fourteen pages of drawings and specifications from this Montreal, Quebec inventor. I am not sure that I could use something that took that much explaining.
Patent #722,332 March 10, 1903 I.E. Stump "Bit Stock" Assigned 1/2 to Edwin Crook. This one is different in that a U shaped piece fits around the handle column when the tool is used in a ratcheting mode. The U shaped piece is dropped at a right angle to provide a steadying tool in a non ratcheting mode.
Patent #756,388 April 5, 1904 W.B. May "Means for Converting Reciprocatory into Rotary Motion" May uses ball bearings captured in the bobbin and riding in the spiral grooves to reduce friction.
Patent #791,766 June 6, 1905 Z.T. Furbish "Push Screwdriver Drill" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Company. Another refinement of the #30 et. al. ratchet mechanism.
Patent #791,767 June 6, 1905 Z.T. Furbish "Push Drill" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Company. This patent takes the the #40 and 41 Yankee drill and adds a spring tension adjustment to become a #44.
Patent #799,968 September 19, 1905 H.J. Blaske "Boring Drill" A a spiraled rod wraps around a shaft and through the bobbin. Distinctive looking.
Patent #814,529 March 6, 1906 Z.T. Furbish "Push Drill" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Company. Further refinement of 791,767. The patent pictures the top lid hinging off but I do not think that was ever used. The 1912 North Brothers catalog shows the #44 with the open magazine facing the chuck so when inserting a new bit the magazine isn't dumping it's contents into your hand. (9)
Patent #819,536 May 1, 1906 Z.T. Furbish "Shifter Lock for Pawl and Ratchet Tools" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Company. Pretty much what the title suggests.
Patent #873,296 December 10, 1907 C.H. Chappelle "Screw Driver" This looks like a clone of Furbishes' Yankee 30 and 130 screw drivers.
Patent #887,423 May 12, 1908. W.M. Pratt "Automatic Screw Driver" This is the Goodell-Pratt #111 spiral ratchet screwdriver.
Patent #902,957 November 3, 1908 Z.T. Furbish "Locking Mechanism for Ratchet Screw Drivers" This is for the locking ring on Yankee screw drivers such as the #30 that holds the spiral shaft inside the barrel when using the tool in a non ratcheting mode.
Patent #924,372 June 8, 1909 W.A. Peck "Ratchet Mechanism" This is the Peck who I identify on The Chicopee Drill Story page.
Patent #924,878 June 15, 1909 J.I. Baron (1868 to 1937) "Spiral Tool Driver" Look at the patent drawing. It is the spitting image of the A.H. Reid 1882 patent with the addition of a pivoting side handle. I have never seen this variation on the Reid drill.
Patent #938,341 October 26, 1909 J.P. Ruple "Screw Driver" A circular piece of flat spring stock is attached to a Yankee looking screw driver to provide a return of the drill to its original position after a downward thrust.
Patent #942,571 December 7, 1909 J.A. Leland "Spiral Drill" assigned to Millers Falls Company.
Patent #942,572 December 7, 1909 J.A. Leland and W.G. Stebbins "Automatic Tool for Boring" Assigned to Millers Falls Company. This seems to be the Millers Falls #180 drill.
Patent #973,881 October 25, 1910 D. Rioux "Spiral Tool Driver"
Patent #979,939 December 27, 1910 T.J. Fegley and G.O. Leopold "Spiral Tool Driver" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing. The patent drawing shows the #75 Yankee "push brace". Fegley and Leopold's goal was to make a drill to be "....used in places difficult in access but which can be reached by a comparatively long tool, such as in car work, cabinet work, etc....." They also positioned the ratchet selector at the top where the operators hands were. And they installed a heavier, three jaw chuck. In the 1912 catalog they explained why they called this tool a brace. "It excels a bit brace in its greater rapidity and convenience in the lighter work ordinarily done by brace."(9)
Patent #1,023,023 April 9, 1912 G.O. Leopold "Gearing" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing. The #50 drill is shown in the drawings. This patent is for a device that will lock the shaft at any point for the removal and insertion of bits. The #50 I own will not do that. The only patent date on that one is the 1897 patent.
Patent #1,024,960 April 30, 1912 M. Wolin "Spiral Tool Driver" Although the patent drawings show an Archimedean driver with an adjustable wrench on the handle end the specifications make no mention of the wrench function.
Patent #1,033,615 July 23, 1912 W.A. Peck "Push Drill" Peck emerges again this time with a drill that looks a lot like the Yankee # 44. Peck explains that the design is like other push drills ".....with particular reference to the regulation of the tension of its power spring, and to adapting the drill to be used for the insertion of ordinary iron brads."
Patent #1,054,142 February 25, 1913 G. Plein "Spiral Tool Driver" Here is a spiral drill, hammer and wrench combination tool.
Patent #1,061,773 May 13,1913 J. Nahlinger "Driving Mechanism for Spiral Tool Drivers"
Patent #1,104,210 July 24, 1914 N.E. Meredith "Valve Grinder "
Patent #1,104,863 July 28, 1914 C.L. Baldwin "Grinding Tool For Gas Engines"
Patent #1,107,701 August 18, 1914 G. Plein. "Spiral Tool-Driver" Grover is back with a redo of his combination drill, hammer and wrench.
Patent #1,118,250 November 24, 1914 C. Wilder "Spiral Tool-Driver"
Patent #1,131,789 March 16, 1915 W.H. Pearce "Valve Grinding Tool"
Patent #1,134,511 April 6, 1915 G.K. Carlson "Valve Grinder"
Patent #1,183,426 May 16, 1916 F. Booth "Tool Handle Gearing"
Patent #1,188,162 June 20, 1916 C.R. Duggan "Spiral Tool Driver"
Patent #1,206,589 November 28, 1916 V. Pipshik "Valve Grinder"
Patent #1,268,309 June 4, 1918 E.B. White "Valve Grinding Tool"
Patent #1,290,489 January 7, 1919 William J. Bauer "Spiral Tool Driver" Assigned to Bauer Tool Company of New York, New York
Patent #1,304,714 May 27, 1919 Laroy S. Starrett "Tool Driver" Assigned to L.S. Starrett Company.
Patent #1,330,053 February 10, 1920 F. Booth "Spiral Tool Driver" An update to #1,183,426.
Patent #1,415,251 May 9, 1922 W.L. McClean "Screw Driver"
Patent #1,415,822 May 9, 1922 T.J. Fegley and W.S. Snyder "Screw Driver" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Co.
Patent #1,422,411 July 11, 1922 F.V. Borick "Screw Driver"
Patent #1,460,201 June 26, 1923 G.O. Leopold "Spiral Tool" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Co.
Patent #1,477,337 December 11, 1923 T.J. Fegley and G.O. Leopold "Spiral Tool" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Co.
Patent #1,497,479 June 10, 1924 F. Booth "Tool Holder"
Patent #1,516,443 November 18, 1924 G.O. Leopold "Push Screw Driver" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Co.
Patent#1,531,086 March 24, 1925 T.J. Fegley and G.O. Leopold "Spiral Tool" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Co.
Patent #1,578,866 March 30, 1926 D.B. Swain "Locking Device and Tool" Assigned to Millers Falls Co.
Patent #1,704,067 March 5, 1929 John S. Wick "Wrench" Yes, it is an Archimedean wrench.
Patent #1,821,194 September 1st, 1931 G.R. Wilcox "Automatic Screw Driver" Assigned to Millers Falls Co.
Patent #1,821,841 September 1, 1931 G.O. Leopold "Spiral Screw Driver" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Co.
Patent #1,838,957 December 29, 1931 J. Orawiec "Wrench" And also a valve grinder.
Patent #1,904,679 April 18, 1933 T.J. Fegley and G.O. Leopold "Push Drill" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Co. They were trying to make a shorter drill for inclusion in tool sets.
Patent #1,971,289 August 21, 1934 J.H. Abramson and E.C. Swanson "Screw Driver" Assigned to Greenlee Brothers and Co.
Patent #1,971,290 August 21, 1934 J.H. Abramson and E.C. Swanson "Ratchet Mechanism" Assigned to Greenlee Brothers and Co.
Patent #1,971,291 August 21, 1934 J.H. Abramson and E.C. Swanson "Ratchet Device" Assigned to Greenlee Brothers and Co.
Patent #2,126,626 August 9, 1938 T.J. Fegley and G.O. Leopold "Push Drill" Assigned to North Brothers Manufacturing Co. I think that this is the first of the "Handyman" tools.
Patent #2,188,158 January 23, 1940 G.L. Rock "Screw Driver"
Patent #2,301,413 November 10,1942 D.K. Kilcup "Drive Mechanism" A pistol style handle and a angle adaptive chuck make for a glitzy tool.
Patent #2,320,119 May 25, 1943 J.T. Burks "Mechanical Wrench" A combination wrench and screwdriver.
Patent #2,521,816 September 12, 1950 R.B. Adams "Double Spiral Ratchet Wrench"
Patent #2,646,687 July 28, 1953 W.E. DeWald "Helical Shaft Machine" Only 14 pages of drawings and specifications. Probably never sold a single one.
Patent #2,664,126 December 29, 1953 J.H. Mansfield and E.C. Swanson "Ratchet Spiral Screw Driver" Assigned to Greenlee Brothers and Co.
Patent #2,818,739 January 7, 1958 V.O. Dowdle "Squeeze Driven Rotating Device"
Patent #2,947,334 August 2, 1960 R.A.M. Issartel "Hand Brace" A French inventors Archimedean vision.
Patent #2,960,132 November 15, 1960 Hans Joachim Finkeldei "Drilling Tool" A German inventors take on the typical Archimedean drill.
Patent #3,416,582 December 17, 1968 D.M. Jenks "Reduction Driver" Assigned by mesne assignment to McDonnell Douglas Corporation.
Patent #3,511,286 May 12, 1970 H.C. Brauchla "Hand Strip Screw Driving Gun" Assigned 1/2 to J.D. Guernsey Here is that familiar Yankee drill shape with a screw driver strip feeding into the top of the handle.
Patent #3,789,896 February 5, 1974 E. Cooke-Yarborough "Screw Drivers and Like Tools" A British fellow.
And that is as far as I am going with Archimedean drills and drivers. Obviously, this is a very important type of mechanical movement. I am sure that hand tools based upon this 100 plus year old technology will continue to be manufactured for many years.
Bibliography
(1) The History of Woodworking Tools by W.L. Goodman Copyright 1964 G. Bell and Sons, LTD. London, England Reprint Published by David McKay Company, Inc
(2) "The Tools That Built America" Alex W. Bealer 1976 Page 101 Bonanza Books / Crown Publishers NY, NY. ISBN 0-517-32369-9
(3) All references to text from and illustrations of patents are from the United States Patent and Trademark Office website at http://www.uspto.gov unless indicated otherwise.
(4) Clifford Fales has a highly recommended website at http://www.idcomm.com/personal/cfales/intro.htm which has a variety of articles and information about spiral screwdrivers. This reference to ISAAC ALLARD, F. A. HOWARD and J. W. JONES is from the article at http://www.idcomm.com/personal/cfales/articles/Allard-Howard/Allard-Howard_Article.htm which originally appeared in the M-WTCA Gristmill June 1992 No. 67.
(5) "A.J. Wilkinson and Co's Illustrated Catalog of Hardware and Tools", Boston, Mass. c.1867, Reprinted by The Special Publications Committee of the M-WTCA September, 2001.
(6) "Jackson and Tyler Tools and Supplies Baltimore MD" 1880 Reprinted by The Special Publications Committee of the M-WTCA September, 1993
(7) "Goodnow and Wightman, Importers, Manufacturers and Dealers in Tools" Boston, Mass. 1882 Reprinted as a joint project of M-WTCA and Early Trades and Crafts Society of Long Island 1977.
(8) "Spiral Screwdrivers of the S. F. Bowser Company "
(originally appeared in The GRISTMILL of Mid-West Tool
Collectors Association, March 1999, No. 94)
(9) North Brothers Mfg Co Philadelphia 1912 Catalog "Yankee Tools" reprint. Reprinted by the Special Publications Committee of the Mid-West Tool Collectors Association. 1988
(10) "Dictionary of Woodworking Tools" R.A. Salaman Published in the U.S.A. by Taunton Press Copyright George Allen and Unwin (Publishers) Ltd 1975 I.S.B.N. # 0-942391-51-6 Library of Congress Catalog # 89-40478
(10) Orr and Lockett Hardware Co. 1898 catalog reprint